PART 1 The Basics
1 Words a Nouns
b Pronouns
c Verbs
d Adjectives
e Articles
f Adverbs
g Prepositions
h Conjunctions
i Interjections
2 Phrases a Noun phrases
b Infinitive phrases
c Gerund phrases
d Prepositional phrases
e -ing and -ed phrases
f Appositive phrases
3 Clauses a Independent clauses
b Dependent clauses
4 Sentences a Sentence parts
b Sentence patterns
c Question patterns
d Kinds of sentences
PART 2 Clear Sentences
5 Connecting Ideas a Coordination
b Subordination
c Coordination or subordination?
6 Connecting Ideas by Coordination a Making compound sentences
b Connecting words coordinating conjunctions
c Connecting words with correlative conjunctions
d Using parallel forms
7 Connecting Ideas by Subordination a Making complex sentences
b Using appositives
c Using -ing and -ed phrases
d Using shortened adverb clauses
8 Common Sentence Problems a Fragments
b Run-together sentences
c Choppy writing
d Overuse of and, but, and so
9 Word Order a Normal word order
b Inverted (verb-subject) word order
c Word order of direct and indirect objects
d Varying sentence openings
10 Word Choice a Dictionaries and thesauruses
b Informal language and slang
c Gender-sensitive (sexist) language
PART 3 Grammar
11 Verb Forms and Tenses a Verb forms
b Verb tenses
c Special tense combinations
d Modals
e Passive voice
12 Special Situations with Verbs a Gerunds
b Infinitives
c Gerunds vs. infinitives
d Phrasal verbs
13 Subject-Verb Agreement a Singular subject
b Singular or plural subjects
c Plural subjects
d Confusing situations
14 Nouns: Count and Noncount a Count nouns
b Noncount nouns
c Count or noncount nouns
d Expressing quantity
15 Articles a For generic nouns: a, an, or no article ( æ )
b For indefinite articles: a, an, or some
c For definite nouns: the
d Idiomatic uses of articles
e Choosing the right article
16 Pronouns a Subject, object, and possessive forms
b Special situations
c Myself, ourselves
d Each other and one another
17 Pronoun Agreement a With indefinite pronouns: someone, everybody
b With generic nouns: a student, an employee
c With collective nouns: team, class
d With either …or and neither ... nor
18 Pronouns: Unclear Reference
19 Adjectives and Adverbs: Position a Position of adjectives
b Position of adverbs
20 Special Situations with Adjectives a Agreement of adjectives
b Order of adjectives
c Participial adjectives: boring or bored?
21 Comparisons a Equal degree: as big as, the same size as
b Comparative and superlative degrees: bigger than, the biggest; more difficult than, the most difficult
c Parallel forms with comparisons
22 Negatives a No vs. not
b Double negatives
23 Adjective Clauses a Subject pronouns: who, which, that
b Object pronouns: whom, which, that, æ (no pronoun)
c Possessive pronoun: whose
d Relative adverbs: where and when
e Punctuation of adjective clauses
PART 4 Punctuation
24 End Punctuation a Periods
b Question marks
c Exclamation points
25 Commas a In compound sentences
b After introducers
c Around extra-information modifiers
d With transition signals
e With direct quotations
f With items in a series
g Other uses of commas
26 Semicolons a In compound sentences
b In compound sentences with transition signals
c In a series containing commas
27 Colons a In sentences
b Other uses of colons
28 Apostrophes a With possessives
b In contractions and in years
c With special plurals
29 Quotation Marks a With direct quotations
b Other uses of quotation marks
30 Parentheses
31 Dashes
32 Brackets and Ellipses
PART 5 Mechanics
33 Capital Letters a Pronoun I
b First word of a sentence
c Proper nouns and most proper adjectives
d Titles and subtitles of works
e Greetings and closings in letters
f Certain abbreviations
34 Hyphens a In compound words
b Dividing words at the end of a line
35 Underlining and Italics a Titles of long works
b Foreign words
c Numbers, letters, and words used as words
36 Abbreviations a Titles of people
b Dates and times
c Familiar abbreviations
d Postal codes
e Latin abbreviations
f Words usually not abbreviated
37 Numbers a Numbers written as words
b Numbers written as numerals
c Forming plural numbers
38 Spelling a ei or ie rule
b Adding suffixes
c Forming plurals
d British and American spelling
PART 6 Writing and Revising
39 Writing in English
40 The Writing Process a Creating
b Organizing
c Writing
d Polishing
41 Paragraphs a Topic sentence
b Supporting sentences
c Paragraph unity
d Paragraph coherence
e Concluding sentence
f Patterns of paragraph organization
42 Essays a Introduction
b Body
c Conclusion
d Patterns of essay organization
PART 7 Formats
43 Writing on a Computer
44 Document Formats a Academic papers (MLA style)
b Lab reports
c Business documents
d E-mail
45 Research Papers
a Making a schedule
b Taking a library tour
c Choosing a topic
d Collecting information
e Reading and taking notes
f Writing and revising the paper
g Citing your sources (MLA style)
h Sample research paper
PART 8 Reference Lists
46 Irregular Verbs
47 Verb + Prepositions Combinations
48 Phrasal Verbs
49 Adjective + Preposition Combinations
50 Pairs of -ing / -ed Adjectives
51 Proper Nouns with The
52 Connecting Words
53 Transition Signals
54 Troublesome Words
55 Editing Symbols
56 APA Style
Answer Key